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INTRODUCTION
Every nation has the
history. And also every country has the language. Language itself consists of
many dialects and accent. Language that is used in certain country always
underwent the development. Indonesian language also underwent the development.
The development that happened in Indonesian language is the orthography and the
use of language itself. It is also happen in Javanese language. The development
that happened is the use of standard Javanese now. At past, Javanese tribe used
the old Javanese language to communicate with other. But now, they use the
standard Javanese language such as kromo inggil, kromo, and ngoko.
Before the writer talk
too much about the old English language, it is better if we talk first about
what language, dialect and accent are. The explanation of that three point make
us easier to comprehend this topic that he writer chose.
According to Oxford
dictionary, Language is human and non instinctive method of communicating
ideas, feelings, and desires by means of a system of sounds and sounds symbol. A
dialect is original words spoken only in a country or part of that country as a
language. While accent is the way in which dialect words or words of Standard
English are pronounced.
Then, it can be concluded
that dialect is related to speaker’s grammar and vocabulary and accent is
related to how to pronounce the language. For instance, one word in Javanese
like ‘ana apa?’ people in Yogyakarta will pronounce it with /ono opo? /
but people in Tegal or Purwokerto will say /ΛnΛ ΛpΛ?/. One language or one
word in certain country can be pronounced in many accents.
Revert to the topic Old English Language, now the writer
want to talk about the history of English language. The English Language was
brought to the island Britannia in the first half of the fifth century AD by
the settlers called Angles from across the North Sea. At that time, the
dominant inhabitants in Britannia were a Celtic or Breton whose the language is
Welsh and Breton.
Before the Angles come to
Britain, there was no English language there. The invader spoke dialects of a
language family called West Germanic; the Bretons (Britannia inhabitants) spoke
dialect of Celtic. Then the country becomes known as Englalond – Angle land and
the language as Englisc. The language in this early period called Old English.
The native Celts were
either killed by the invaders, or pushed back into Wales, Cornwall, and across
the English Channel into Brittany, taking their Celtic language with them. The
dominant language of southern Britain (now England, from Angle-land) came to be
that spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. The three main dialects, Northumbrian, Mercian,
and West Saxon, corresponded with the three major kingdoms that vied for
ascendancy. The first to exert its influence was Northumbria, followed by
Mercia and finally Wessex. It is the West Saxon dialect that is most often
referred to as Old English and that was the most prominent dialect at the time
of the Norman Conquest in 1066. At the time of the original Anglo-Saxon
settlement of Britain in the fifth century, the language contained
approximately 100 Latin words that had been taken into the language before the
Anglo-Saxons left the continent, mainly terms dealing with trade or the
military. By the time of the Norman Conquest, Old English had been further
enriched by words drawn from ecclesiastical Latin brought in by the conversion
of the English to Christianity by St. Augustine in 597 A.D.
The inhabitants of
Britannia at that time were spread and made four dialects in Old English
language.
The Dialects are:
-
Northumbrian
Spoken in north of the river
Humber.
-
Mercian
Spoken in the Midlands from
East Anglia across westwards to the Welsh border
-
Kentish
Spoken in the south-east
-
West Saxon
Spoken in the south and
south west.
Here is the map of the
spreading of dialect in Britannia at that time:
From the explanation
above, then the writer chooses the topic of Old English Language for this
essay. Through this essay, the writer wants to explain further about the Old
English language and Old English dialects. Old English dialect has four
dialects that have the difference characteristic. Hence, in this essay the
reader will learn more not only about characteristic but also the uniqueness and
the example of each dialect.
DISCUSSION
In this essay the writer
chooses the topic Old English Language. Through this essay the writer wants to
discuss about the development of English language at the past. All language has
the development, so does English language. English language divided into three
periods before it becomes Standard English. Those are old English, Middle
English and early modern English. However in this essay, the writer just wants
to discuss about old English language and dialects at that time.
Old English have four
dialects at that time. Those are Kentish, Northumbrian, Mercian and West Saxon.
They are called dialect because they were mutually intelligible varieties of
the same language. Hence, it can be concluded that dialects are vary in one
country or region.
In Indonesia, especially
in Central Java, dialects are still used in some region, such as Tegal,
Cilacap, Pekalongan, Pemalang, Purwokerto and so on. The dialects are varies
but they are still in one province Central Java.
So do English language.
English Language has many kind of dialect that has been spoken above. The
dialect is spoken in certain region but still in one country and one language
that is English.
It is common to divide
England into four dialect areas for the Old English period. First of all note
that by England that part of mainland Britain is meant which does not include
Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. These three areas were Celtic from the time of
the arrival of the Celts some number of centuries BC and remained so well into
the Middle English period.
The dialect areas of
England can be traced back quite clearly to the Germanic tribes which came and
settled in Britain from the middle of the 5th century onwards. There were
basically three tribal groups among the earlier settlers in England: the
Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes. The Angles came from the area of Angeln
(roughly the Schleswig-Holstein of today), the Saxons from the area of east and
central Lower Saxony and the Jutes from the Jutland peninsula which forms west
Denmark today. The correlation between original tribe and later English dialect
is as follows:
-
Saxons = South of the Thames ( West Saxon area)
- Angles = Middle and Northern England (
Mercia and Northumbria), including lowland Scotland
-
Jutes = South-East of England (Kent)
Of these three groups the
most important are the Saxons as they established themselves as the politically
dominant force in the Old English period. A number of factors contributed to
this not least the strong position of the West Saxon kings, chief among these
being Alfred (late 9th century). The West Saxon dialect was also strongest in
the scriptorias (i.e. those places where manuscripts were copied and/or written
originally) so that for written communication West Saxon was the natural
choice.
A variety of documents
have nonetheless been handed down in the language of the remaining areas.
Notably from Northumbria a number of documents are extant which offer us a
fairly clear picture of this dialect area. At this point one should also note
that the central and northern part of England is linguistically fairly
homogeneous in the Old English period and is termed Anglia. To differentiate
sections within this area one speaks of Mercia which is the central region and
Northumbria which is the northern part (i.e. north of the river Humber).
A few documents are
available to us in the dialect of Kent (notably a set of sermons). This offers
us a brief glimpse at the characteristics of this dialect which in the Middle
English period was of considerable significance. Notable in Kentish is the fact
that Old English /y:/ was pronounced /e:/ thus giving us words like evil
in Modern English where one would expect something like ivil.
In this chapter, the
writer just discuss about the kind of dialects and their history. The
explanation clearly of what is dialect and how is dialect itself will be
analysis in the next chapter.
ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the
writer will present the analyses of the discussion topic. The first analysis is
the explanation of Old English language; include characteristic of writing and
sounds, strategy in learning Old English language, advantages learning the Old
English Language, and the last is example of Old English language.
The second analysis is
about Northumbrian dialect; include characteristics of this dialect, strategy
and advantages in learning this dialect, and the example of Northumbrian
dialect.
The third analysis is
Mercian dialect; include characteristic, strategy and advantages learning this
dialect, and the example of Mercian dialect.
The fourth analysis is
about Kentish dialect, and the last analysis is about West Saxon dialect.
I. OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Old
English language also called Old Anglo Saxon. Old English language is West
Germanic language spoken in England between 5th and 11th
centuries.
1.
Characteristic of writing and
sound in Old English language
a.
ORTHOGRAPHY
There are a number of
letters used in Old English which were later discontinued; of these the
following are the main ones: Þ ‘thorn’ and ð ‘eth’ (later
replaced by th indicating the voiced and voiceless ambidental
fricatives), ʒ ‘yogh’ used for g, ‘wynn’, i.e. ‘joy’, was a form of the
letter w used in early texts, æ ‘ash’ a ligature (two letters in
one form) composed of a and e and representing a sound
intermediate between /a/ and /e/.
b.
PHONOLOGY
The writing system of Old
English is by and large phonological, i.e. every letter represents a phoneme.
This applies above all to fricatives though diphthongs, the affricate /dʒ/
and the fricative /ʃ/ used more than one letter.
Here is the example
The words below are the
example of the writing system in Old English language:
- fīf [fi:f] mean ‘five’
- frefer [frevər] mean ‘consolation’
- hūs [hu:s] mean ‘house’
- rīsan [ri:zan] mean ‘rise’
- þurh [θurx] mean ‘through’
- ōðer [o:ðər] mean ‘other’
- gān [gɑ:n] mean ‘go’
- gift [jift] mean ‘dowry’
- fugol [fuɣol] mean ‘bird’
- cēne [ke:nə] mean ‘sharp’,
- cyrice [tʃyritʃə] mean ‘church’
c.
ALLOPHONY
Allophone of /g/ occurs before
the back vowel of [g] is found. This allophone also occur before [ɣ] in between back vowels and [j] before and between high vowels. If
it was, there were two affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/,
the first deriving from palatalisation in early Old English and the second
inherited from pre-Old English.
The fricatives /f, θ, s/ had
two main allophones, a voiceless one at the beginning or end of a word or in
the environment of a voiceless segment and a voiced one when found
intervocalically. This alternation can be seen to this day and is responsible
for present-day alternations like wife : wives.
This is the example of
allophone in Old English:
The letter c
represented the phoneme /k/, when it occurred before a consonant (cwic,
‘alive’), a back vowel (cuman, ‘come’) or a front vowel which had arisen
due to i-umlaut (cynelic, ‘kingly’). It also represented the
phoneme /tʃ/ which arose due to the early palatalisation of velars cyrice
‘church’.
d.
CONSONANT LENGTH
Old English had both long
vowels and long consonants. This was an inherited feature of Germanic and has
only been maintained in the present-day Scandinavian languages (bar Danish).
Examples of long consonants
are cyssan ‘kiss’, settan ‘set’, siþþan ‘since’.
e.
OLD ENGLISH VOWEL SYSTEM
f.
PHONOTACTICS
Clusters existed in Old
English which are not permissible today. These were simplified in the Middle
English period chiefly by the reduction of clusters of /h/ or /w/ and a
following sonorant: hlāf ‘loaf’, wrītan ‘write’. The other major
phonotactic change is the simplification of onsets consisting of a velar stop
followed by an alveolar nasal (permissible in German) gnagan ‘gnaw’, cnēo
‘knee’. In nearly all these cases present-day orthography indicates the former
phonetic realisation.
This rested on the lexical
root of a word. At this stage the language had long since developed the type of
stress accent — stressed syllables are longer and louder than unstressed ones —
which is still typical of English and other Germanic languages. Prefixes with
nouns could also take stress as in ˡandswaru (answer) but verbs always have root stress as in forˡgiefan (forgive).
2.
Strategies and advantages of learning Old
English language.
Strategy
to learning Old English language is the reader must see the characteristic that
have been explained above.
For
instance, there is a sentence derived from Old English language ‘Sum man
ferde fram Hierussalem to Hiericho, and becom on ρa sceaρan, ρa hine
bereafodon, and tintregedon hine, and forleton him samcucena.’
The
analysis:
- Sum man some man
- ferde Past tense of the verb feran,
journey. Third-person singular.
So, the meaning is
‘journeyed.’
- becom Past tense of the verb becuman,
to meet with.
So, the meaning is
‘met with.’
- ρa sceaρan ρa
is literally ‘those’, and in this sentence ρa means ‘who’.
Sceaρan
means ‘thieves.
- hine means ‘him’.
-
bereafodon Past tense marked by -od,
third-person plural marked by –on, of the verb bereafian means
‘deprived’.
So, the meaning is
‘deprived.’
-
tintregodon The third-person
plural and past tense of the verb tintregian means to torture.
So, the meaning is
‘to torture.’
-
forleton Third-person plural
and past tense of the verb forlaetan, means ‘to abandon.’
-
samcucene means ‘half alive.’
From the
analysis above, the sentence more or less have the meaning ‘Some man journeyed
from Hierusalem to Hiericho, and met with the thieves, who deprived and
tortured him, and abandon him half alive.’
The
advantages of learning the Old English is the reader can comprehend the
sentence or the story that written in Old English language.
II. NORTHUMBRIAN DIALECT
Northumbrian
dialect is the dialect that spoken by people in north of the river Humber.
1.
Characteristic of Northumbrian
Dialect
a.
Breaking of [ea] before l + C
had not occurred. Such as: eall – all, behealdan – behaldas, feallan – fall.
b.
Smoothing has occurred before r
+ C in weorc – werc.
c. å1 had become è. In forlåtan -
forlètas, hår - hèra, ondrådan - ondrède.
d. å2 was å. For instance,
år, clåne, hålend, and lådan.
e.
The i- mutation of Old
English èa was è. For instance, hieran – hèran, nied – nèd.
f.
The change of short ‘æ’ to
short ‘a’ had begun. Like in ‘fæder – fader and wæs – was.
g.
The strong masculine plural
nominative/accusative suffix –as had begun to spread to non-masculine nouns as
well as to weak masculine nouns. For example: burgas – cities, rìças – kingdoms.
h.
The inflexible article îe had
made its appearance. Such as: îe hålend – the savior, îe ilca – the same.
i.
The present tense and
imperative suffixes had started developing towards the ME Northern system with
–s suffixes in most places:
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Northumbrian
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West Saxon
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||||||
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Pres.
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Imp.
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Pres.
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Imp.
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||||
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Sing.
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Plur.
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Sing.
|
Plur.
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Sing.
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Plur.
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Sing.
|
Plur.
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1
|
-o
|
-es, -as
-aî |
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|
-e
|
-aî i
-iaî ii |
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|
2
|
-es, -as
|
-a, -e
|
-as
-aî |
|
-(e)st
|
-, -e
|
-aî i
-iaî ii |
||
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3
|
-es, -as
-eî |
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|
-eî i
-aî ii |
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||
2.
The Example of Northumbrian
language.
The following is the example
of Northumbrian dialects and the meaning.
-
behealdan means guard
-
werc means work
-
forlètas
means abandon
-
hèra
means hair
-
ondrède
means fear
-
så means sea
-
fader means father
-
witgas means prophets
-
îe temple means the temple
3.
Strategies and advantages of
learning Northumbrian dialects.
I think
the strategy to learn this material is same with learn Old English language.
The reader must pay attention with the characteristic.
The
advantages from learning this dialect is we can comprehend the text that
written in Northumbrian dialect and we can analyze the story are text that
written I Northumbrian dialect.
III.
MERCIAN DIALECT
Mercian
is the dialect that spoken by people in the Midlands from East Anglia across
westwards to the Welsh border.
The Rushworth
Gospels (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. D.2.19 (3946)) is a Gospel
manuscript produced in Ireland around the year 800. In the second half of the
tenth century the Latin text was glossed by two scribes, Farmon and Owun.
Farmon primarily glossed Matthew, Owun most of the other Gospels. Farmon
describes himself as priest 'at Harewood' (æt harawuda), which in all
likelihood was Harewood in West Yorkshire, just north of Leeds.
Owun was
a Northumbrian, and his glosses seem to have been copied from the Lindisfarne
Gospels. Farmon, on the other hand, was a Mercian, and at least his glosses to
Matthew show independence of the Lindisfarne glosses.
Since his
dialect is Mercian, and not Northumbrian, as one might expect in Yorkshire, we
have to assume that he had moved to Yorkshire from one of the northern Midland
counties, perhaps Derbyshire or Nottinghamshire.
Because
of this reason, then the characteristic of Mercian dialect are little bit same
with Northumbrian dialect.
1.
Characteristic of Mercian
dialects
a.
breaking of æ before l + C had
not occurred: all, behaldeê, fallende, ànfald, sald (WS eall all, behealdan
guard, feallan fall, ànfeald single, sincere, seald given ) (Farmon betrays
some influence from WS in forms such as eall)
b.
smoothing has occurred before r
+ C : werc (WS weorc work)
c.
å1 had become è: forlèteî,
nèdra, ondrèdaê, slèpte, wèron; dèd, hèrum, rèdan, strèt (WS forlåtan abandon,
hår hair, nådre adder, ondrådan fear, wåron were; dåd deed, rådan advise, read,
slåpan sleep, stråt street)
d.
å2 was å: år before,
clåne clean, hålend Saviour, lådan (lådeê, låded) lead, låran (lårde, lårende)
teach, så sea (these forms are not underlined in the text)
e.
the i-mutation of OE èa
was è: hèran - hear, obey, nèd need (WS hìeran, nìed)
f.
the change of short æ to short
a had begun (due to influence from Old Norse): fader/fæder father, warî
became (WS fæder, wearî, later wærî)
g.
variable h-dropping (of the
type we find in Cockney and other dialects today) was common: eora/heora - their, êìn eorta - thy heart; æfdon (pl.
pret.) - had, eard - hard, yngrade (1/3
sg. pret.) - hungered (WS heora, heorte, hæfdon, heard, hyngrede).
h.
the strong masculine plural
nominative/accusative suffix -as (sometimes realized as -es) had begun to
spread to non-masculine nouns as well as to other case forms: burgas cities (WS
burh f., byri© pl.), spearwas sparrows (WS spearwa m.,
spearwan pl.), in allum weo©as (dat. pl.) in all ways (WS we© m.,
we©as nom./acc. pl., we©um dat. pl.)
i.
the inflexible article êe had
made its appearance, though it was considerably less frequent than in
Northumbrian (usually masculine nominative, replacing se: êe steorra the star,
Mt 12.45 êe ûtmæste dæ© - the last day, Mt 13.44 êe monn - the man, Mt 16.2 êe
heofun - the sky, Mk 1.9 êe hålend - the Saviour, Jesus.
j.
the present tense and
imperative suffixes had started developing towards the ME East Midland system
with -en suffixes in the plural present tense:
|
|
Mercian
|
|
West Saxon
|
||||||
|
|
Pres.
|
Imp.
|
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Pres.
|
Imp.
|
||||
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Sing.
|
Plur.
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Sing.
|
Plur.
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|
Sing.
|
Plur.
|
Sing.
|
Plur.
|
|
1
|
-e
|
-eê, -aê, -en i
-iaê ii |
|
|
|
-e
|
-aî i
-iaî ii |
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2
|
-es
|
-, -e
|
-aê
|
|
-(e)st
|
-, -e
|
-aî i
-iaî ii |
||
|
3
|
-eê
|
|
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|
-eî i
-aî ii |
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||
2.
The Example of Mercian Dialect
The following is the example
of Mercian dialect and the meaning:
-
behaldeê means guard
-
fallende means fall
-
ànfald means single
-
forlèteî means abandon
-
slèpte means sleep
-
hålend means Savior
-
låran means teach
-
warî means became
-
êìn eorta means thy heart
-
êìne hàêas means thy oaths
-
êe scip means the ship
3.
Strategy and advantages
learning the Mercian dialect
The
strategy to learn this material is same with learn Northumbrian dialect. The
reader must pay attention with the characteristic.
The
advantages from learning this dialect is we can comprehend the text that
written in Mercian dialect and we can analyze the story are text that written
in Mercian dialect.
IV.
KENTISH DIALECT
Kentish
dialect is the dialect that spoken by people in the south- east. It is
difficult now to state how the dialect words began; some have sources in
Anglo-Saxon, Old German, Middle English, Dutch, Scandinavian, Flemish and
French, adapted by the tongues of the population for its use in the Kingdom of
Kent.
The
Kentish dialect was also divided into several areas - that spoken in East Kent,
in the Romney Marsh, the Weald and North Kent. People living close to the east
London borders were known as Kentish Londoners. The Medway communities on the
long Kent coastline also had their own dialect words and accents. On the
Kent-Sussex border, too, some of the dialect was in common use on both sides.
The
decline in dialect was speeded up by universal education for all children, and
teaching based on Standard English.
1.
Characteristic of Kentish
Dialect
The
typical Kentish manner of speaking was more coarse or sharper than in Sussex;
a.
It had a nasal, high and low
sing-song quality.
b.
A prominent speech
characteristic was to use’d’ for 'th'.
c.
‘You’ was pronounced as ‘ye’,
‘'ee’ or ‘yew’.
d.
The 'h' was also silent – ‘hog’
was ‘'og’, ‘hood’was ‘'ood.’
e.
‘W’ at the start of a word was
often suppressed, thus ‘wood’ was ‘'ood.’
f.
‘D’ on the end was dropped so ‘pond’
was ‘pon'’.
g.
‘V’ was sometimes converted
into ‘w’ – ‘weal’ for ‘veal’, ‘ wery’ for ‘very.’
h.
å1 is realized as
‘ë’. Such as in ärëde (WS äråde),
lëçedöme (WS låçedöme), beîëtan (WS beîëaton < *beîåton)
i.
breaking
of ‘æ’ before r+C, but not before l+C. Like in: ðearfe, aldormon, allra
j.
å2 is realized as
‘ë’ in ëîhwelçe (WS åîhwylç), but as ‘å’ in clåne, håþnum, nåniî, rårað
(influence from non-Kentish dialect)
k.
no palatal diphthongization in
beîëtan (WS beîëaton;)
l.
corresponding to WS ‘æ’, K
typically has ‘e’; here, however, ‘æ’ is consistently used: æt, ðæt.
2.
The Example of Kentish Dialect
The
following are the example of Kentish dialect:
-
A Parody says:'By dis, dat,
den, yew can tell de Kentish men'
Means: By this, that, then, you can tell the
Kentish men.
-
Be wery careful o’ vidders all
your life.
Means: Be very careful oh
vidders all your life.
3.
Strategy and Advantages
learning Kentish Language.
The
strategy in learning this dialect is same as we learning the other dialect. We
just pay attention to the characteristic.
Dialect
as a language of Kentish has gone, but examples of dialect words survive, by
learning this dialect, we can found that may be we not realizing that we are
using Kentish language.
By
learning this dialect, we can found the English words that we used now are
belonging Kentish language.
V. WEST SAXON DIALECT
West Saxon is the dialect that spoken by
people in the south and south-west. This dialect is divided in two groups:
Early West Saxon and Late West Saxon.
Early
West Saxon was the language of King
Alfred (849–899). By the eleventh century, the language had
evolved into Late West Saxon. Late West Saxon was the dialect that became the
first "standardized" written English ("Winchester
standard"). This dialect was spoken mostly in the south and west of
England around the important monastery at Winchester, which
was also the 'capital city' of the English kings. Late West Saxon is the
distant ancestor of the West Country dialects.
The West
Saxon dialect was the strongest English dialect at the opening of the tenth
century. Much, but not all, of the Old English literature which survives, such
as, Beowulf, Judith and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles is in
the West Saxon dialect.
1.
Characteristic of West Saxon
Dialect.
The Characteristic of West
Saxon dialect is same as Old English Language. Moreover, the West Saxon is the
Standard English at Old English Period.
2.
The Example of West Saxon
Dialect.
-
ealond (island)
-
ρrittig (thirty)
-
wær- (were)
-
weall (wall)
-
loc (lock)
3.
Advantages of learning this
dialect
As the student of
literature, by learning this dialect we can analysis the literary works that
used these West Saxon dialects.
STANDARD ENGLISH AT OLD
ENGLISH PERIOD
What is
Standard English? Standard English is consist of dialect that agreed by people
in certain country. Therefore, there is no Standard English. Something is
called standard if it is received by people in certain country. Through the
kind of dialects in Old English period, the Late West Saxon is become the
Standard English at that time.
The
excerpt from Bede’s that showed about the establishment of standard English.
nevertheless, their real
intention was to attack it. At first they engaged the enemy advancing from the
north, and having defeated them, sent back news of their success to their
homeland, adding that the country was fertile and the Britons cowardly.
Whereupon a larger fleet quickly came over with a great body of warriors, which
when joined to the original forces, constituted an invincible army. These
new-comers were from t’e three most formidable races of Germany, the Saxons,
Angles, and Jutes.
(from
Bede’s History of the English Chruch and People, translated by Leo
Shirley-Price.)
As the short extracts from Bede’s History
showed, the changes that have taken place in the English language can be
demonstrated by examining the same texts in version written down at different
times.
The
establishment of a Standard language depends upon the kind of social and
political organisation in a country which did not develop in England until the
sixteenth century.
SUMMARY
AND RECOMMENDATION
1.
Summary
a.
English language is divided
into three periods. They are Old English period, Middle English language, and
Modern English Period.
b.
In Old English period there are
four dialects that used at that period. They are Northumbrian, Mercian,
Kentish, and West Saxon.
c.
Language is human and non
instinctive method of communicating ideas, feelings, and desires by means of a
system of sounds and sounds symbol.
d.
A dialect is original words
spoken only in a country or part of that country as a language.
e.
Accent is the way in which
dialect words or words of Standard English are pronounced.
f.
West Saxon is become the
Standard English at Old English period.
g.
There is no Standard English.
Standard English is consist of all dialect that agreed by people in certain
language.
2.
Recommendation
To learn
the History of English Language and Culture, the readers need another source to
fulfill their knowledge. This essay is just a little source. The History of
English Language and Culture are consisting of many topics. This essay is just
discuss about the Old English period and the dialect that spoken in that
period.
Therefore,
for knowing more about the Old English dialect, the readers have to go to
library to find another source.
REFERENCES
Freeborn, Dennis,
Varieties of English. (Handout Kuliah)
http://colfa.utsa.edu/drinka/pie/lang_oe.htm.
June, 19, 2009
http://www.uni-due.de/SHE/HE_DialectOldEnglish.htm.
June, 19, 2009
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